Renewable Energy, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: A Global Test

A fixed effects regression and two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) is used to analyze secondary data from the World Bank, covering 163 countries over period 2000 2016. The study tests relationship between renewable energy, urbanization, CO2 emissions. empirical results show that urbanization has an inverted U-shaped with emissions, while energy consumption mitigates If causal, a 1% increase in use leads 1.2% decrease also GDP per capita confirming environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). We found innovation, proxied by residents’ patents, non-linear effect on As policy implication, developing should share their total use, promote innovative activities increasing government spending R&D.